Nobody has a good word to say about Mabel Loomis Todd, widely seen in the church of Emily Dickinson’s worshippers as an evil witch described like this at the London Review of Books:
When she’s remembered at all, it’s as a homewrecker: the vamp who seduced Emily Dickinson’s brother, Austin, 27 years her senior, and destroyed his marriage to Susan Gilbert, Emily’s closest confidante. Like any good seductress, Todd was an opportunist. She exploited Austin’s role as the treasurer of Amherst College to wangle her own husband, David, into powerful university positions and forced him to build her a Queen Anne-style house just across from his family home. After his death she conned his surviving sister, Lavinia, into deeding her some land. But, perhaps most damning of all, Emily Dickinson was hardly cold in the grave when Todd made a bid to edit her poems and ride to literary notoriety on Emily’s white apron strings. So the story goes – or a version of it.
On the other hand, as Joanne O’Leary explains in the same piece:
Dickinson’s work first appeared in 1890 in a volume co-edited by Todd and Thomas Wentworth Higginson. Julie Dobrow’s After Emily attempts to rescue Todd’s reputation by offsetting her bad behaviour against the extraordinary labour she devoted to transcribing, editing and promoting Dickinson’s work. It also chronicles the trials of her daughter, Millicent Bingham. The first woman to receive a doctorate in geography from Harvard, she sacrificed her academic career to finish the editorial work her mother began. Readers may not agree with the version of Emily Dickinson they presented, or approve of the changes they made to her work, but if it hadn’t been for these two women, we might not have any Emily Dickinson at all.
It’s a pretty good story, a bit like the underlying theme of Amadeus, the movie, in which hard-working Salieri is jealous of Mozart’s musical genius: fiercely protected by her wealthy parents, Loomis always understood she was great, but the world just didn’t realize it. She married David Todd, a ‘blond with magnificent teeth’, little prospects and no real family wealth, and her destiny took a decisive turn towards irrelevance.
She was what my teenage friends would have described as a “she-wolf” and, being highly literate, kept track of her intercourse sessions and orgasms. She was attractive and a tremendous flirt, too, although she didn’t necessarily betrayed her husband — yet.
Others would have been satisfied with her lot, but she wasn’t. Her husband was a good orgasm provider, but his dim prospects meant a move to Amherst College as a teacher, away from her beloved Washington DC (where I write these words). They rented an accomodation, and her only daughter was taken care of by her parents back in DC.
Settled in Amherst, before she seduced Austin Dickinson — Emily’s brother — she seduced Austin’s son Ned, a dumb youngster. Austin himself, happily married, required more effort. Mabel took long rides in the Dickinson buggy and spent time at the Homestead, where Emily lived with her sister, Lavinia, and their bedridden widowed mother:
On her first visit there, in September 1882, Mabel played the piano while Austin’s mother listened from upstairs and Emily from another room. The next day, Mabel and Austin confessed their feelings for each other. Both recorded the moment in their journals with the word ‘Rubicon’. Their relationship didn’t become physical until December 1883, however, an event marked in each of their diaries with a neologism that entwined their names: ‘amuasbteiln’. All of this tortured Ned. He complained to his mother that Mabel was ‘an awful coquette’, who had led him on and was now doing the same to Austin. Sue kept a beady eye on Mabel after that, causing her to complain of the ‘horribly chilling’ atmosphere at the Evergreens.
From the time Austin and Mabel consummated their relationship until the Todds moved into a rented property on Lessey Street in 1885, the couple’s liaisons – about a dozen a month – took place at the Homestead. Throughout this period, Emily Dickinson managed to avoid meeting her brother’s mistress. It was not for Mabel’s want of trying. She was fascinated by the woman who had ‘not been out of her house for fifteen years’, who was called in Amherst ‘the myth’ and who wrote ‘the strangest poems’. ‘She is,’ Mabel reflected, ‘in many respects a genius.’ She began pursuing Dickinson in the autumn of 1881, when, departing for a visit to Washington, she wrote her a farewell note. Dickinson’s response: ‘The parting of those that never met, shall it be delusion, or rather an unfolding of a snare whose fruitage is later?’
The lovers’ assignations usually took place in the dining room (where Dickinson had a second writing desk) or in the library (through which she had to pass to get to the conservatory, where she spent much of her time). In her rollicking Lives like Loaded Guns: Emily Dickinson and Her Family’s Feuds (2010), Lyndall Gordon suggests that Emily would not have taken well to being excluded from areas of her own house for hours at a time while her brother and his mistress did God knows what behind closed doors. Lavinia, on the other hand, quickly became an accomplice, often passing letters between Austin and Mabel – as did David, who actively encouraged the affair. For him, the benefits were twofold. Austin used his influence at Amherst College to further David’s career. Within a year of taking up his post, he was promoted to associate professor and given a large increase in salary. Mabel’s adultery also gave David licence to indulge in philandering of his own. She was tolerant of this (often arranging liaisons for her husband) so long as the women weren’t of ‘low’ breeding. ‘I do not think David is what might be called a monogamous animal,’ she wrote. Sue, ignorant of the arrangement, thought Mabel’s husband pathetic: ‘Little dud David’, she called him.
OK, so much for prude middle-class Victorians!
In 1885, Mabel and Austin put the newfound privacy afforded by the Todds’ house on Lessey Street to good use. Both engaged in cringeworthy postcoital record-keeping. Austin adopted Mabel’s habits of notation; his symbol for intercourse was ‘==’. On 3 January 1886, he notes ‘at the other house 3 to 5 and + =====’. Mabel’s diary from that day records ‘a most exquisitely happy and satisfactory two hours’ of sex by the living-room fire. Ten times in 1886, Austin’s parallel lines are accompanied by the words ‘with a witness’. Longsworth suggests that this was David – who, she alleges, often played voyeur. Dobrow wonders whether it might be a reference to Millicent, now living with her parents. But it seems unlikely that Austin would have bothered to record the presence of a six-year-old. Later in life, Millicent reflected that she had always seemed beneath Mr Dickinson’s notice. ‘Hello, child’ were the only words he ever uttered. ‘Then he would lead Mamma upstairs while she murmured “my King!”’
Mabel frequently fantasised about the death of Austin’s wife, her former mentor, but the poor sad lady survived. Emily Dickinson, meanwhile, died of acute nephritis in 1886, at the age of 36, a weird lonely spinster to the end. Mabel got to work. She finally had the material to make her talents shine:
Dickinson wrote almost 1800 poems, but only ten were published during her lifetime, and none with her explicit consent. When ‘A narrow Fellow in the Grass’ appeared in the Springfield Daily Republican in February 1866, she was outraged. (Sue had shared the poem with Bowles, who printed it anonymously.) In 1862, she had told Higginson that publication was as ‘foreign’ to her thought ‘as Firmament to Fin’. Anxious that he might identify the verse in the newspaper as hers, she explained that it was ‘robbed of me – defeated too of the third line by the punctuation … I had told you I did not print – I feared you might think me ostensible.’ She wanted Higginson to know that she had not conformed: ‘Publication – is the Auction/Of the Mind of Man –’.
The opportunity also presented itself:
Shortly after Emily died in 1886, Lavinia Dickinson began to sort through her sister’s effects. She had, at Emily’s request, already burned hundreds of letters when she opened a locked bureau drawer and found what she recognised to be poems: hundreds of sheets of stationery paper stitched into booklets. She soon uncovered more writing: on loose leaves of paper, on torn envelopes, clustered around a postage stamp of a steam engine securing magazine clippings about George Sand. Were these fragments of poems too? Lavinia recognised that she lacked the expertise to sort through the papers, but was determined that her sister’s work should be published. She turned to her sister-in-law, Sue, the woman to whom Emily had sent hundreds of poems (so many that Sue called the route between the Homestead and the Evergreens the ‘Pony Express’).
Lavinia had a difficult relationship with Austin’s wife. A neighbour recalled that ‘Sue was relentlessly cruel … I was called to Miss Vinnie’s many times to quiet her nerves and help her recover from Sue’s verbal blows.’ Is this an exaggeration? Is it true that Sue once set her dogs on Lavinia’s cats? When Sue didn’t move quickly to arrange Dickinson’s work for publication, Lavinia grew restless. She approached Higginson, who declared himself ‘extremely busy’: although he ‘admired the singular talent of Emily Dickinson, he hardly thought enough could be found to make an even semi-conventional volume’. Finally, she appealed to Mabel. (Todd later reimagined this sequence of events, accusing Sue of ‘unconquerable laziness’ and claiming that she had sat on Dickinson’s poems ‘for nearly two years’. In fact, the task fell to her less than nine months after Dickinson’s death.)
Todd was frustrated by Lavinia’s ignorance: she had no idea how many poems there were, or any sense of the difficulty involved in deciphering Dickinson’s handwriting. Many of the poems were ‘written on both sides of the paper, interlined, altered and the number of suggested changes was baffling’.
Todd worked on the poems consistently between 1887 and 1889. (Lavinia made several late-night visits to admonish her for her slow progress.) In March 1889, Todd hired an assistant, but Harriet Graves proved an even more ‘insensitive machine’ than the new typewriter. She was dismissed; instead, David and their seven-year-old daughter were drafted in to help. Millicent later wrote that ‘initiation into the vagaries of Emily’s handwriting is one of the earliest rites I can recall.’
The late 1880s were difficult years for ‘the other woman’. Sue remained entrenched at the Evergreens. It stuck in Mabel’s craw that Amherst condemned her as an adulteress but turned a blind eye to Austin’s part in the affair. In 1887, she accompanied David on a trip to Japan and wrote to Austin proposing a suicide pact. If he was unwilling to do anything to relieve the ‘bigoted spite’ to which she, as his mistress, was subjected, there seemed no alternative but ‘to go together to some possibly kinder sphere’.
Austin did not reply. Instead, he presented Mabel Todd with a wedding ring on her return. She was his true wife. He also promised to take care of her in his testament, which he didn’t really. Now, to the work:
In the autumn of 1889, Todd arranged a meeting with Higginson, who remained unconvinced that an edition of Dickinson’s poems was a good idea. Undeterred, she tried to woo him with a reading of some of her favourites. Higginson agreed that if she sorted the poems into three categories, he would look more carefully at them. ‘Category A’ was to include ‘not only those of most original thought, but expressed in the best form’; ‘Category B’ was to include poems ‘with striking ideas, but with too many of [Dickinson’s] peculiarities of construction to be used unaltered for the public’; ‘Category C’ should comprise poems Todd ‘considered too obscure or too irregular in form for public use, however brilliant and suggestive’.
By November, Higginson’s ‘confidence’ was ‘greatly increased’. The pair agreed to prepare a volume of two hundred poems and began their ‘editorial surgery’. This involved altering words to make Dickinson’s lines conform to a conventional a-b-c-b rhyme scheme and amending her peculiar grammar. Her strange use of the third person singular had to go. ‘When Winter shake the door’ became ‘When Winter shakes the door’ in the interest of grammatical agreement. Dickinson’s subjunctives were also weeded out: ‘An Emperor be kneeling’ became ‘is kneeling’ – and so on.
There was a lot of surgery to be performed on Dickinson’s disorganized papers, and Todd appears to have been actually quite good at that. “No modern reader of Dickinson will be satisfied with the Todd-Higginson edition, but the scorn directed at their editorial practices has often been disproportionate” is O’Leary’s verdict.
Dickinson was fond of using capital letters just anywhere, and of inconsistent, whimsical punctuation. It was very unlikely that any printing press would have published the unknown spinter’s rumblings in raw. They have great fans in the 21st century, but this was the 19th century, and proper punctuation was, it appears, the last bastion of respectability, since sexuality quite obviously wasn’t.
Todd was also the driving force behind the publication, which had to be paid for Lavinia Dickinson, against her will. She contacted William Dean Howells, editor of the Atlantic Monthly, who agreed to write a piece on Dickinson, that really launched Dickinson into stardom. She was an unknown dead spinster with bad kidneys no more: she was now a tragic poetress lost too early to the world.
Other critics were appalled that a man of Howells’s stature would endorse such work – a ‘farrago of illiterate and uneducated sentiment’, one English reviewer called it. Alice James wrote: ‘It is reassuring to hear the English pronouncement that Emily Dickinson is fifth-rate, they have such a capacity for missing quality; the robust evades them equally with the subtle.’ But by March 1891, the poems had been reprinted six times.
Years of crossing and double-crossing followed. O’Leary explains them well, for those so inclined. Thanks to Mabel Todd’s efforts, Dickinson became a household name. Her daughter, the left-behind Millicent, came to publish a book — Emily Dickinson’s Home (1955) — in which she joined the get-rich-slowly scheme around the long-dead poetress, with details on how Austin Dickinson was the actual bad guy.
There were lawsuits (this is America after all) and betrayals. They feuded over rights, land deeds and everything else. Mabel Todd, upset with all the Dickinsons, kept hundreds of Emily’s poems under lock for decades. All of the principals in the story went to their deaths hating each other, but at least not penniless. The same was true for Millicent; she just took longer to depart this world.
Plainer than her mother, whom even boys her age preferred to her, she fell into the clutches of men who liked her money well enough. At the age of 38, she tried to marry a soldier, lying about her age, and turned out that the soldier had lied about his marital state; her actual marriage was to a true madman, and in the wedding pictures she still looks unattractive compared with her now elderly mother. Her husband ended up in a madhouse soon thereafter. Millicent lived off the Dickinson’s papers and industry for decades until her death in the 1960s.
I’ve written before about the ugly truth about editing, and the remarkable case of Raymond Carver’s savant idiot editor. With Mabel Todd and Emily Dickinson we have something else, with much more sentiment on all sides because we’re talking about poetry, where editors’ intrusion is perceived as less welcome than in prose.
If you are a Dickinson fan, it makes sense to perceive Todd as the horrible vixen who intruded into Emily’s family, kind of wrecked it, and then took advantage of it all to mutilate Emily’s precious poetry with her filthy post-coital hands. If you’re not, perhaps there’s this perception that Mabel was quite a talented person herself, perhaps a bit too flighty and attractive for her own good, who came across the disordered jottings of a recluse, and turned them into one of the most famous poetry corpi of her century. I’m OK with either version, really.
